Surviving the Heat During Hajj: A Call for Urgent Action
The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a spiritual journey that every Muslim aspires to undertake at least once in their lifetime. Yet, as global temperatures continue to rise, the physical challenges of performing Hajj have become increasingly dangerous. The 2024 Hajj was one of the deadliest on record, with over 1,300 pilgrims dying due to extreme heat. This tragedy underscores the urgent need for adaptation measures to protect pilgrims, particularly the elderly and those with preexisting health conditions.
The Deadly Impact of Extreme Heat on Hajj
Hajj has always been physically demanding, requiring pilgrims to walk long distances between ritual sites while enduring scorching daytime temperatures exceeding 50°C (122°F). However, climate change is making these conditions more severe. The temperature at the Grand Mosque in Mecca reached 51.8˚C during Hajj 2024, approximately 5°C hotter than forecasted, while humidity levels were at 25%, worsening the effects of heat stress.
Heat stress occurs when the body can no longer cool itself effectively. Even young and healthy individuals are at risk if exposed to such conditions for three hours or more. For older pilgrims, who make up nearly half of all Hajj participants, the risks are even greater. Many of them have preexisting health conditions that make them particularly vulnerable to heat-related illnesses.
Why Are Heat Deaths Increasing?
- Rising Global Temperatures – Climate models predict that if the world warms by 1.5°C, heat-related deaths during Hajj would be half of what they would be at 2°C of warming. However, the world is currently on track for 2.7°C of warming, making future Hajj seasons even more dangerous.
- Scheduling Challenges – The Islamic calendar is lunar-based, meaning Hajj moves back by 10–12 days each year. This means it will soon fall within even hotter months like July, August, and September, making conditions unbearable by 2050.
- Lack of Equal Access to Cooling Measures – While wealthier pilgrims can afford air-conditioned tents, low-income pilgrims often sleep in overcrowded, poorly ventilated tents with only basic fans. Those who cannot afford premium accommodations suffer the worst consequences of extreme heat.
Why Heat Management is Crucial for Pilgrims
The reality of Hajj’s extreme heat means preparation is essential for survival. Many pilgrims save their entire lives for this journey, only to find themselves battling life-threatening temperatures in a physically demanding environment. Here are key survival strategies for staying cool and reducing heat-related risks during Hajj.
1. Hydration & Electrolytes: The Foundation of Heat Survival
- Drink Water Regularly: Even if you don’t feel thirsty, sip water consistently throughout the day to avoid dehydration.
- Zamzam Water Availability: While Zamzam water is plentiful, carry a refillable water bottle to ensure you always have access to fluids.
- Electrolyte Supplements: Sweating depletes essential minerals—carry electrolyte tablets or powders to replenish lost sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
- Limit Caffeine & Sugary Drinks: These increase fluid loss and worsen dehydration.
2. Essential Cooling Devices & Heat Protection Gear
The right cooling accessories can make the difference between staying safe or suffering heat exhaustion.
- UV-Blocking Umbrellas with Mist & Fans: These umbrellas provide shade while also spraying a fine mist and circulating air with a built-in fan.
- Battery-Powered Neck Fans: Lightweight and portable, neck fans help cool the body while walking.
- Handheld Misting Fans: A small misting fan can be used to spray water on the face and body for instant relief.
- Cooling Towels & Scarves: Soaked in cold water, these retain coolness for hours and can be wrapped around the neck or head.
- Cooling Hats & Head Covers: Special UV-blocking hats or moisture-wicking headscarves provide added heat protection.
3. Choosing the Right Clothing & Footwear
Proper clothing and footwear reduce discomfort and prevent heat-related illnesses.
- Loose, Breathable Fabrics: Wear light-colored, moisture-wicking fabrics like cotton to keep the body cool.
- Correct Slippers for Walking: Many pilgrims suffer from blisters and foot pain due to poor footwear. Choose well-cushioned, arch-supportive sandals with breathable soles. Avoid plastic or rubber slippers that trap heat and cause excessive sweating.
4. Timing Your Movements to Avoid Peak Heat
The hottest part of the day (12 PM - 4 PM) is when most heat-related illnesses occur. Plan accordingly:
- Perform Tawaf at Night: The marble floors of Masjid al-Haram retain heat—doing Tawaf after sunset reduces exposure.
- Use Shaded Routes: Always walk in the shade whenever possible and rest frequently under covered areas.
- Pace Yourself: Do not rush through rituals—take your time to avoid overheating.
5. Recognizing & Responding to Heat Stress
Heat stress can escalate into life-threatening conditions if not treated promptly.
Signs of Heat Exhaustion:
✔ Excessive sweating
✔ Dizziness or confusion
✔ Rapid heartbeat
✔ Nausea or headache
What to Do:
- Move to a shaded or air-conditioned area immediately
- Drink cool water with electrolytes
- Apply misting fans or cooling towels to pulse points
- Rest and avoid further exertion
If symptoms progress to heatstroke (high fever, loss of consciousness, or confusion), seek immediate medical attention.
The Future of Hajj in a Warming World
With Saudi Arabia planning to increase the number of Hajj pilgrims to 4.5 million by 2050, the challenges of extreme heat will only grow. The country is investing in water misting systems and emergency medical services, but climate adaptation alone is not enough.
Saudi Arabia is the world’s fourth-largest fossil fuel exporter, generating billions in oil revenue while simultaneously profiting from the Hajj and Umrah industry. The irony is stark—the very fossil fuels it exports are driving the extreme temperatures that endanger pilgrims.
To truly protect pilgrims, the Saudi government must take stronger climate action by:
- Investing in Renewable Energy: Shifting from fossil fuels to solar and wind power.
- Reducing Global Carbon Emissions: Supporting the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C goal to prevent more extreme heat deaths.
- Implementing Fairer Cooling Measures: Ensuring all pilgrims, regardless of wealth, have access to air-conditioned tents and medical care.
Final Thoughts: The Urgency of Action
Hajj is a profound spiritual journey that embodies unity, equality, and devotion. Yet, the disparities in safety and comfort based on financial status contradict these values.
While individual pilgrims can prepare with hydration, cooling gear, and strategic planning, the larger solution lies in global climate action. Without immediate steps to reduce carbon emissions, future Hajj seasons may become physically impossible for millions of Muslims.
The responsibility to protect pilgrims lies not just with individuals, but with governments and global leaders. The time for action is now—before the next Hajj brings another preventable tragedy.
May Allah accept the Hajj of all pilgrims and grant them ease in their journey. Ameen.
